Strict Rules Research Articles

The terrible air pollution in Dhaka city is getting worse

This study concentrated on the serious air pollution problem in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which profoundly impacts both public health and the economy. The main causes of this problem are rapid urbanization, poor infrastructure, vehicle emissions, and traffic jams. When it comes to particulate matter, notably PM2.5, typical concentrations above national guidelines, directly endangering respiratory health. Stricter emission standards, increased support for cleaner transportation, and infrastructural improvements are all necessary in the fight against pollution. Green spaces and pedestrian-friendly zones should be given priority in urban development schemes. For long-term mitigation, increasing knowledge and encouraging responsible conduct are essential. Although the Bangladeshi government has made some progress in lowering emissions, more work has to be done. To protect public health and secure a sustainable future, immediate action is required. This includes enforcing strict rules regarding air quality and promoting sustainable urban growth.

Comprehensive analysis of natural language processing

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a fascinating field of study that teaches computers to understand and use human language. This means that computers can read, write, and even translate text just like humans. NLP has many practical uses, such as categorizing text, identifying the tone of language, recognizing names in text, translating languages, and answering questions. NLP has come a long way since it was first developed. In the past, it relied on strict rules to understand language, but now it uses advanced techniques like machine learning and deep learning to understand text. However, there are still some challenges in NLP, such as understanding the meaning of words in context and considering cultural differences. Despite these challenges, NLP is being used in many different areas, from healthcare and finance to education and customer service. NLP is transforming the way humans interact with computers and is making it easier to extract important information from large amounts of text.

Market Reaction to Environmental Disasters

Despite the fact that environmental issues are coming to the fore today, the market reaction to environmental disasters is not strong enough. This article examines the impact of a number of major industrial disasters on the companies’ stock performance, depending on financial health of the companies involved in an accident. We assessed the impact of financial indicators such as: financial leverage, profitability, balance value per share, capital expenditures, market capitalization and revenue on the amplitude of cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR). The sample consists of 32 companies fromthe oil, chemical, mining and energy industries of developed countries involved in 80 major accidents between 2000 and 2020. The majority of disasters occurred in North America (47.5%) and in Europe (26.3%). Using the event study method to assess shareholders’ reaction and regression analysis, we proved that the financial leverage, profitability and book value per share has a positive impact on the amplitude of CAAR, while the ratio of capital expenditures to revenue has a negative impact on cumulative returns. The results showed that market capitalization and revenue growth do not affect the dynamics of stock prices after industrial disasters. In general, our study shows that the impact of all financial indicators on CAARis small (<1%). That is, despite the mandatory publication of climate risk reports, investors did not actively sell shares of companies guilty of industrial disasters. The results of the study are useful in several areas. On the one hand, by forming a diversified investment portfolio, investors taking into account the type of companies that are more sensitive to disasters. On the other hand, knowing such a market reaction, the state should provide financial players with strict rules and penalties for companies responsible for accidents.

Tik Tok Ban in Nepal: Reactions of the public

TikTok was the most popular social media app in Nepal and a major source of income for content creators, artists, influencers, and users. The government of Nepal made the decision to ban TikTok on November 13, 2023, stating it was disrupting social harmony in the country, which brought anger to the TikTok users. This research critically considers how the TikTok ban has been met with reactions from the public. This qualitative content analysis approach will look for a deep exploration of the emotional, professional, and creative dimensions of public experiences. Hence, the study’s main finding is to shed light on how the TikTok ban has affected the public and to know their opinions on it. In conclusion, the findings of this study shed light on the consequences of the TikTok ban in Nepal and people’s reactions to it, emphasizing the need to find a solution and to make strict rules and regulations for social media.

Adolescents' mental health, problematic internet use, and their parents' rules on internet use: A latent profile analysis

This study explored the connection between adolescent problematic internet use (PIU), mental health, and parents’ rules on internet use. From a person-centered approach, this study considered the coexistence of multiple mental health indicators for adolescents, including psychopathological risks (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, and loneliness) and psychosocial well-being (i.e., social support, meaning, and competence). A latent profile analysis of 4592 U.S. adolescents revealed five distinct mental health profiles, with adolescents having psychopathological risks being most susceptible to PIU. Additionally, parents reported their rules on adolescent internet use. Strict parental rules on time increased PIU for adolescents of psychopathological risks, while restrictions on content viewed online reduced chances of PIU for these adolescents. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the complex mental health experiences of U.S. adolescents and underscore the significance of person-centered associations between mental health and PIU.

Digital transformation in Vietnam: the impacts on external auditors and their practices

Purpose This study aims to explore some perceptions related to the suggestion that external auditors will be replaced by audit technologies that use artificial intelligence (AI) tools to make audit judgements when performing the financial statement audits. Digital transformation is revitalising the technologies used by external auditors and their firms; thus, the authors seek to understand what challenges this creates for the auditing profession in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach Through the theoretical lens of new institutionalism theory, this study uses a qualitative approach involving 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with external auditors in Vietnam during 2022. This sample includes the global Big Four, global mid-tier and smaller local Vietnamese audit firms. Findings The findings indicate that there is resistance or disagreement with the suggestion that in the future audit technologies using AI tools can replace humans (external auditors). The role of external auditors in the professional services sector will gradually be changed by audit technologies; however, external auditors are unlikely to be replaced by audit technologies that use AI tools based on the responses of the participants. Strict institutional rules that exist in Vietnam would prevent the replacement of (human) external auditors. In the future, external auditors may take on new roles as consultants, with unique skills in classifying and processing data for decision-making processes; however, they will not be completely replaced by technology in the audit space. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations that it is based on the data collection from a single developing country, Vietnam; therefore, the generalisability of the findings is limited to Vietnam. Also, the authors sought insights into the future of external audits in Vietnam. Practical implications This study highlights the changing role of auditors and institutions. Thus, policymakers, external auditors and auditees in other developing countries would find the findings helpful. Originality/value This study provides new perspectives, particularly from local Vietnamese firms, about audit practices that emerge due to high-level technological advancements and then embed themselves into existing audit practices in an emerging economy. Prior studies tended to focus on the global Big Four firms, thus this study contributes by sharing the perceptions of the smaller practitioners also.

Absolute Liability Merits Demerits – A Critical Analysis

In numerous circumstances, an individual is found liable for an act that he could not have performed, or for which he made all reasonable efforts to avoid causing any harm, yet was nevertheless held liable. This is a situation in which an individual is held liable notwithstanding the absence of fault; these are strict liability rules. The legislation recognises this provision based on the 'no-fault responsibility' criteria. These rules are based on case law. This clause was handed down in the case of Rylands vs. Fletcher, and hence this rule is commonly referred to as the "Rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher," however the rule of absolute A number of exceptions to this rule were established, and responsibility was established for them. The Supreme Court of India decided in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India that the defendant is responsible for the act and that the offence should not be disputed. In tort law, the phrases strict liability and absolute liability must be defined. These two have a similar meaning, however there are some variances.

What Type of Fiscal Rule Promotes the Fiscal Soundness?

Empirical studies on the impact of fiscal institutions such as fiscal rule and the establishment of independent fiscal institutions on fiscal performance have often overlooked the endogeneity issues. This study utilizes the system GMM model in dynamic panel analysis to control for the endogeneity inherent in fiscal institutions. This study is distinctive from the previous researches in the following aspects: ① It indices the levels of fiscal rules and independent fiscal institutions, ② Furthermore, it includes an interaction term between the level of fiscal rule and the level of independent fiscal institutions, ③ It analyzes the type of fiscal rules that affects fiscal soundness effectively. The study finds the followings: First, the level of fiscal rules has a positive (+) impact on the fiscal balance. Second, among fiscal rule types, the level of expenditure rule has a positive (+) impact on the fiscal balance. Third, the interaction term between the level of expenditure rule and the level of independent fiscal institutions has a positive (+) impact on the fiscal balance. The implications of this study are as follows: Countries with strict fiscal rules tend to reduce fiscal deficits, and among various fiscal rule types, expenditure rule has a significant impact on fiscal soundness improvement. Moreover, it was confirmed that countries with well-established expenditure rule experience an increased impact on fiscal soundness when activating independent fiscal institutions.

Pengertian Tindakan Bullying, Penyebab, Efek, Pencegahan dan Solusi

Bullying is an intentional act to hurt another person physically, verbally, or emotionally. Bullying can happen anywhere, including at school, the workplace, and online environments. This research aims to understand bullying, causes of bullying, effects of bullying, and prevention of bullying. This study used qualitative research methods. The data collection technique in this research is literature study. The data that has been collected is then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The research results show that bullying is caused by several factors including peer environment, family environment and social status. This behavior also has negative effects, including disrupted physical health, mental health problems, and the birth of bullies. Bullying behavior needs to be prevented and solutions formulated, including those that can be implemented wisely by utilizing technological advances, avoiding discriminatory attitudes, instilling affection, socializing through songs, making strict rules about bullying, providing education to perpetrators, providing protection and acting decisively.

How Is The Implementation of Social Media Marketing In The Hospital Industry?

The hospital industry with a variety of increasingly strict government rules and increasing hospital choices creates tough competition. The purpose of this study is to find out how is the implementation of social media marketing in the hospital industry?. In private hospitals, a good marketing strategy is needed to continue to increase public trust. In the era of marketing 5.0 (technology with humanity) requires hospitals to continue to innovate in terms of services and technology. Social media marketing is one way to image the hospital in the eyes of the public. Marketing using social media has low capital and is easy to do. Delta Surya Hospital is one of the type C private hospitals in Sidoarjo that has applied the principles of social media marketing. The data was taken in November 2022 by analyzing the hospital's social media, namely Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok. The results of the data were compared with similar journals that already existed.

Gravel and River sand mining activities in Maroua (Far-North Region, Cameroon): Environmental and Socioeconomic aspects

Sand and gravel mining are amongst the main factors that induces significant impacts on environment, as a result of growing need for building materials and as a source of income for rural communities. This study was conducted to assess the socio-economic and environmental effects of these activities in Maroua, Cameroon. Its objectives include a description of artisanal mining method and identification of its socio-economic and environmental impacts. The study was conducted in a multidisciplinary approach. During the fieldwork, data were collected using questionnaires and focused group discussions were undertaken with those responsible for managing natural resources in the that area. The results reveal that sand mining activity alter river morphology at a faster rate than normal river process, where river reduction of the extraction areas is significantly larger. These activities were responsible for quick resource depletion and adversely affecting the environment and causing disturbances such as, ecological balance, soil degradation, pollution, infrastructure destruction, as well as conflict between miners and communities.  Despite the negative impacts, mining activities generate income for all parties involved in the value chain, including the government. Accordingly, based on the research results, there are concerns about sustainable extraction practices by implementing strict rules and government policies.

Understanding Family Courts System in India

This article ventures into the evolving discourse surrounding of the power, procedures and working of the family court. The thorough analysis of the family court act and the powers conferred to the family courts under the act is analyzed through this paper. A family court is a specialized court created to address legal issues resulting from familial relationships. The family court follows less strict rules of operation than regular civil or criminal courts. It is distinguished by unique intake procedures that weed out possible cases that don’t actually need judicial attention.

The Moment the Mahāvīra Attained Omniscience

Abstract In the accounts of the Mahāvīra’s life in the first suyakkhaṃdha of the Āyāra(ṃga) and the Jinacaritra several turning points are mentioned. As will be shown, the periods between these turning points are delimited in a highly exact way, which accounts for the intercalary months. However, the modern translators have failed to recognize the terms involved. And so have the authors of the texts themselves and the subsequent copyists, which in the case of Āyāra I becomes clear from an interpolation and in that of the Jinacaritra from the introduction of an alternative system of dating the main events in the Mahāvīra’s life. The latter system is also found in the second suyakkhaṃdha of the Āyāra, which contains an account of the Mahāvīra’s life which, as will be shown, might well have been based on the one in the Jinacaritra. The exact calculations lend the biography in Āyāra I the character of a handbook providing strict rules for prospective monks. The author of the Jinacaritra, who was unaware of the function of the calculations, produced instead a veritable hagiography. It will be argued that while the phenomenon of intercalarity must have been widely known, knowledge of the calculations seems to have been passed on mainly in royal administrative circles involved in taxation and revenue collection. This is a world from which the ascetic monks, however learned, must have been far removed. This might explain the misunderstandings visible in the Jinacaritra and, with it, Āyāra II. The authors of what is by general agreement the earliest version, in Āyāra I, seem instead to have been familiar with the work carried out in these administrative centres.

Challenges and opportunities of sediment budgeting using the River Sediment Budget Approach (RSBA): Three cases in Austrian gravel-bed river reaches

River sediment budgets are prepared globally, under different conditions and requirements. This paper proposes a general methodology for sediment budgeting – the River Sediment Budget Approach (RSBA), to demonstrate the challenges and opportunities involved in establishing a sediment budget. The methodological approach focuses on the bedload, suspended sediment load as well as changes in the river bed and morphology. Four approaches are provided for sediment budgeting, which can be used individually or in combination and are selected based on the time scale and data availability. If measurement data is available or can still be undertaken, a (i) field-based approach is selected. Specifically, the morphological changes or data required for formulas can be gathered using a (ii) GIS-based approach. When calculations are carried out without measured data, a (iii) formula-based approach is pursued. Due to the numerous budgets already conducted and sediment data already measured, an approach dependent on (iv) literature data and estimations can also be considered. Due to the complexity of sediment dynamics in rivers, strict rules are not beneficial in sediment budgeting and, to avoid misinterpretation, it is essential to validate the results.

Performance monitoring of the wastewater system of Bharati Station, Antarctica

The untouched condition of Antarctica's environment is a result of its inherent absence of human activity. Nevertheless, with the introduction of scientific research stations and human presence, a considerable volume of wastewater has been produced by these research facilities. The wastewater needs to be treated before discharge and has strict rules and regulations set by the Antarctic Treaty (Annexure III). However, the performance of the wastewater treatment plant and the data on the quality of the effluents being discharged into the sea by different stations are limited. In this study, the performance of the wastewater treatment plant at Bharati research station located at Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica was investigated from 2015 to 2022. Physical and chemical parameters such as pH, EC, NH4–N and COD were determined in effluents from the drinking water plant, blackwater and greywater plant from Bharati station. The pH and EC of the effluents were measured using portable probes, ammonia was measured spectrophotometrically, and COD was measured using the closed reflux digestion method. The monthly data of the effluents from 2015 to 2022 for pH, EC, NH4–N and COD indicate values within the permissible limits except for a few parameters at a certain time frame. It was observed that the pH of black, grey and drinking water varied between pH 6.5 and 9.1. Both grey and blackwater showed a decreasing conductivity trend, suggesting decreased ionic content. The blackwater exhibited an increase in ammonia concentration and COD trend, indicating higher organic pollution levels, while the grey water displayed a decreasing trend in COD, indicating a reduction in organic matter content. The study also investigated the correlation between NH4–N concentration in wastewater and greywater with levels of COD and compared these levels with standard values to assess effluent water quality. The data will provide baseline values to assess any malfunctioning of the wastewater system in treating the contaminants. Effluent data from other Antarctic stations show a high value compared with the effluents from Bharati station. Such variability largely depends on the station size, water usage and number of expedition members during the summer and winter seasons.

Disclosure rules, controlling shareholders, and trading activity in the new issues market

This study examines the impact of controlling shareholders’ ownership on trading activity under regimes with different disclosure rules. In regimes with ambiguous disclosure rules, trading volume and turnover are higher when controlling shareholders’ ownership is low and their control rights potentially exceed their cash flow rights. However, this impact diminishes in regimes with strict and unambiguous disclosure rules. These findings are robust to endogeneity concerns, suggesting that investor beliefs about potential agency conflicts are less heterogeneous, as evidenced by their trading behavior when disclosure rules are stringent and well defined. The results highlight the role of disclosure credibility and readability in influencing trading activity, offering new insights into the relationship between ownership structure and market behavior.

On the nature of two-photon transitions for a collection of molecules in a Fabry-Perot cavity.

We investigate the effect of a cavity on nonlinear two-photon transitions of a molecular system and we analyze how such an effect depends on the cavity quality factor, the field enhancement, and the possibility of dephasing. We find that the molecular response to strong light fields in a cavity with a variable quality factor can be understood as arising from a balance between (i) the ability of the cavity to enhance the field of an external probe and promote multiphoton transitions more easily and (ii) the fact that the strict selection rules on multiphoton transitions in a cavity support only one resonant frequency within the excitation range. Although our simulations use a classical level description of the radiation field (i.e., we solve Maxwell-Bloch or Maxwell-Liouville equations within the Ehrenfest approximation for the field-molecule interaction), based on experience with this level of approximation in the past studies of plasmonic and polaritonic systems, we believe that our results are valid over a wide range of external probing.

Risk-aware day-ahead planning of an energy hub integrated with the carbon capture unit considering cap and trade concept, energy and carbon markets and demand side flexibility

This paper optimizes the stochastic day-ahead planning of an energy hub considering the carbon capture system, energy and carbon markets and flexible loads to achieve a sustainable economical-environmental operation. In the p÷resented model, the cap and trade concept as a successful policy in the regulatory programs of governments is considered to limit the level of environmental pollution caused by industries. In addition, various uncertainties including the power of wind and solar units, load demand and market prices are handled using scenario generation and reduction approaches. The downside risk method is also utilized to evaluate both risk-neutral and risk-averse attitudes of the decision-maker. In the following, the influence of demand side flexibility is analyzed by a time-of-use strategy for all types of loads. The results show that a risk-averse attitude with the maximum possible robustness increases the expected cost by about 19.55 %, while the expected risk reduces by about 100 %. The responsive loads notably can mitigate the impact of uncertainties, where their 10 % flexibility decreases the expected cost by about 19.02 %. The simulations validate the positive effect of carbon capture technology and the cap and trade concept on the environment; however, more strict rules and severe penalties are required.

Determinants of pregnant women’s satisfaction with interactions with health providers at antenatal consultation in primary health care in Southern Mozambique in 2021: a cross-sectional study

SummaryBackgroundThe Ministry of Health of Mozambique (MISAU) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend enhancing pregnant women’s satisfaction with health care services in order to advance maternal and child health. This study aims to assess the levels and determinants of pregnant women’s satisfaction regarding their interactions with antenatal care (ANC) providers, the services of which were provided at the primary health care level in southern Mozambique.MethodologyWe conducted an observational, quantitative, and cross-sectional study from November 4 to December 10, 2021. A structured questionnaire was administered to pregnant women who attended ANC during that period. The characteristics of the participants were illustrated using descriptive statistics; to analyse pregnant women’s satisfaction determinants, we estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using logistic regression models. All analyses were performed in SPSS version 24 using a 5% significance level.ResultsWe selected 951 pregnant women with a mean age of 25 years old; 14% attained a secondary educational level, 36% were married or living in a marital relationship, and 85.9% reported being satisfied with their current ANC. Factors that reduced the odds of being satisfied were the following: an “insufficient” ANC duration (AOR = 0.173; 95% CI: 0.079, 0.381); inadequate ANC waiting area (AOR = 0.479; 95% CI: 0.265, 0.863); women’s perception about the existing norm of nonattendance in case of late arrival to the ANC (AOR = 0.528; 95% CI 0.292, 0.954); the perception of the existing norm that women are obliged to give birth in same health facility where ANC occurred (AOR = 0.481; 95% CI: 0.273, 0.846); and the perception that delivered ANC is not important for foetal health (AOR = 0.030; 95% CI:0.014, 0.066).ConclusionsMost of the pregnant women mentioned being satisfied with the ANC they received. The perception of short consultation duration, inadequate waiting spaces, strict linkage rules to specific health facilities and ANC norms, the perception that the received ANC is not relevant for foetal well-being are determinants of not being satisfied with ANC, and these determinants can be addressed by reorganizing ANC and, indeed, are modifiable by the improved paced implementation of the MISAU strategies for quality maternal and child health care.

Empowering high school students with online game literacy

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in electronic devices and smartphones in education, causing students to spend more time on screens. The mobile game market in Indonesia has grown significantly, with 3.45 billion downloads in 2022. Online games can be addictive and psychologically impactful, making it crucial to instill literacy and parental supervision to prevent addiction. In Bengkalis, Indonesia, a community service activity was conducted to foster online game literacy among students, teachers, and parents. The activities involved interactive methods and forum group discussions, using LCD media and PowerPoint. The study found that children often play games for entertainment without realizing the negative effects of excessive use, leading to smartphone addiction. Factors influencing this increase include pandemic conditions, lack of self-control, and a lack of understanding of the negative impact of excessive gadget use. The school's strict rules on bringing gadgets to school have been successful in promoting online game literacy. The program aimed to increase student knowledge and critical thinking in interacting with smartphones, fostering understanding between students and parents.